Neuroendocrine changes
Stress results in the release of glucocorticoids (eg Cortisol) as well as inflammatory cytokines such as Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF) and the Interleukins. If this stress response is chronic, the following changes occur:
- Reduced BDNF (Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor, which is important for neuron maintenance)
- Shrinkage of the Hippocampus
- Systemic and brain inflammatory effects
The net result is that cytokines lead to feelings of physical unwellness, while hormonal changes disturb brain architecture leading to further disruption of neurotransmitter pathways.